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frontier belt

  • 1 frontier belt

    Юридический термин: пограничная полоса

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > frontier belt

  • 2 пограничная полоса

    2) Military: frontier region
    3) Agriculture: boundary belt (поля)
    5) Cartography: boundary strip
    6) Makarov: outskirts
    7) Foreign Ministry: frontier zone

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > пограничная полоса

  • 3 полоса

    жен.
    1) stripe, streak;
    strip;
    band, flat bar (железа и т.д.) материя с белыми полосами ≈ material in white stripes
    2) (от удара кнутом и т.п.) wale, weal встречная полоса ≈ centre strip, median strip
    3) (область) region, zone, belt;
    field черноземная полоса ≈ black-soil belt, black-earth zone полезащитная лесная полоса ≈ forest shelter belt пограничная полоса ≈ frontier песчаная полоса ≈ sandy strip оборонительная полоса ≈ defence zone прибрежная полоса ≈ riverside взлетнопосадочная полоса ≈ strip, runway лесозащитные полосы ≈ forest shelter belts фронтовая полоса ≈ zone of action of a front черноземная полоса ≈ chernozem zone, black earth zone/belt штурмовая полоса ≈ assault course
    4) (период времени) period, phase полоса хорошей погоды ≈ spell of fine weather попасть в полосу неудач ≈ to fall on evil days/times полоса неудач ≈ run of bad luck, series of misfortunes
    5) полигр. type rage
    ж.
    1. (ткани, металла и т. п.) strip;

    2. (широкая черта, линия) stripe;
    ~ на негативе или позитиве кино, фото streak;

    3. (какого-л. пространства, земли) strip, stretch;
    ~ лунного света ribbon of moonlight, moonway;

    4. (пояс, зона) zone, belt;
    чернозёмная ~ black earth belt;
    лесная ~ forest belt;
    ~ видеочастот кино, тлв. video frequency band;
    ~ телевизионного сигнала television band;

    5. (промежуток времени) period;
    самая счастливая ~ моей жизни the happiest period of my life;
    ~ ненастной погоды spell of wet weather;

    6. полигр. page;
    ~тый striped.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > полоса

  • 4 смуга

    ж
    1) strip; (довга, вузька) strap; ( широка) stripe; streak; ( заліза) band, flat bar

    злітно-посадкова смуга — strip, runway, take-off strip

    2) ( від удару батогом) welt, wale, weal
    3) (район, зона, пояс) zone, belt

    чорноземна смуга — black-soil belt, black-earth zone/belt

    смуга випадання опадів — fall streak, precipitation streak

    смуга обгону — overtaking lane; weaving lane

    смуга невдач — period of failures, run of bad luck, series of misfortunes

    5) ( наділ землі) plot, patch

    Українсько-англійський словник > смуга

  • 5 полоса

    жен.
    1) stripe, streak; strip; band, flat bar (железа и т.д.)
    2) (от удара кнутом и т.п.) wale, weal

    встречная полоса — centre strip, median strip

    3) ( область) region, zone, belt; field

    черноземная полоса — black-soil belt, black-earth zone

    черноземная полоса — chernozem zone, black earth zone/belt

    4) ( период времени) period, phase

    попасть в полосу неудач — to fall on evil days/times

    полоса неудач — run of bad luck, series of misfortunes

    5) полигр. type rage

    Русско-английский словарь по общей лексике > полоса

  • 6 ciudad

    f.
    ciudad del Cabo Cape Town
    ciudad catedralicia cathedral town/city
    ciudad dormitorio commuter town
    la ciudad Eterna the Eternal City
    ciudad jardín garden city
    ciudad de México Mexico City
    ciudad natal home town
    la ciudad Santa the Holy City
    ciudad satélite satellite town
    ciudad del Vaticano Vatican City
    2 complex (instalaciones).
    ciudad sanitaria hospital complex
    ciudad universitaria university campus
    * * *
    1 city, town
    ■ fuimos a la ciudad we went into town, we went to town
    \
    ciudad dormitorio dormitory suburb, dormitory town, commuter suburb
    ciudad jardín garden city
    ciudad universitaria university campus
    * * *
    noun f.
    city, town
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de gran tamaño] city; [más pequeña] town

    la Ciudad Condal — name for the city of Barcelona

    la Ciudad del Turia — name for the city of Valencia

    ciudad dormitorio — dormitory town, bedroom community (EEUU)

    ciudad natal — home town, native city, native town

    ciudad perdida — Méx shanty town

    2) (=instalaciones)
    * * *
    femenino town; ( de mayor tamaño) city

    centro ciudad — town o city center

    * * *
    = city, town, county borough, municipal borough, burg.
    Ex. PSS has nodes in many major cities: users pay ordinary call charges to the nearest node, plus a charge for the use of PSS.
    Ex. Rivers, erosion, towns and glaciers are all phenomena studied by geography.
    Ex. Barnsley itself, a county borough, had at the time of this survey a medium-sized bookshop which had been refitted in 1974 and was well spoken of.
    Ex. Nevertheless, two municipal boroughs, Batley and Castleford, were examples of genuine towns with no bookshops.
    Ex. Townie is in fact a derogatory reference to those who are born and raised in that type of burg or burb, and are assumed to be of inferior intellectual promise.
    ----
    * al otro lado de la ciudad = cross-town.
    * barrio marginado de la ciudad = inner-city area.
    * barrios pobres del centro de la ciudad = inner city.
    * casco antiguo de la ciudad, el = oldest part of the city, the.
    * centro de la ciudad = central city, downtown, city centre.
    * ciudad amurallada = walled city.
    * ciudad costera = beach town, coastal city.
    * Ciudad del Cabo = Cape Town.
    * Ciudad del Pecado = Sin City.
    * Ciudad del Vaticano, la = Vatican City, the.
    * ciudad donde viven principalmente jubilados = retirement town.
    * ciudad dormitorio = dormitory.
    * ciudad en auge = boom town.
    * ciudad eterna, la = Eternal City, the.
    * ciudad famosa por el golf = golfing town.
    * ciudad fortificada = walled city, fortified town.
    * ciudad fronteriza = frontier municipality.
    * ciudad ideal = white picket fence.
    * ciudad industrial = industrial town, industrial city.
    * ciudad natal = birthplace, hometown [home town], back home.
    * ciudad portuaria = port city.
    * ciudad satélite = satellite city.
    * ciudad universitaria = university town.
    * convertirse en la ciudad de (uno) = become + the home-from-home of.
    * de fuera de la ciudad = out-of-town.
    * del otro lado de la ciudad = cross-town.
    * de otras ciudades = out-of-town.
    * de una punta de la ciudad a otra = cross-town.
    * de un extremo de la ciudad a otro = cross-town.
    * de un lado de la ciudad a otro = cross-town.
    * espectáculos de la ciudad = local attractions.
    * gas ciudad = city gas.
    * gente de la ciudad = townspeople.
    * habitante de la ciudad = city dweller, urban dweller, urban resident, urbanite.
    * hacia el centro de la ciudad = townward.
    * la ciudad que nunca duerme = the city that never sleeps.
    * plano de la ciudad = street plan, city map.
    * por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].
    * puerta de la ciudad = city gate.
    * que atraviesa la ciudad = cross-town.
    * segunda vivienda en la ciudad = pied-à-terre.
    * ser la ciudad de = be home to.
    * vida de la ciudad = urban life, city life.
    * visita por la ciudad = city tour.
    * zona deprimida del centro de la ciudad = inner city.
    * * *
    femenino town; ( de mayor tamaño) city

    centro ciudad — town o city center

    * * *
    = city, town, county borough, municipal borough, burg.

    Ex: PSS has nodes in many major cities: users pay ordinary call charges to the nearest node, plus a charge for the use of PSS.

    Ex: Rivers, erosion, towns and glaciers are all phenomena studied by geography.
    Ex: Barnsley itself, a county borough, had at the time of this survey a medium-sized bookshop which had been refitted in 1974 and was well spoken of.
    Ex: Nevertheless, two municipal boroughs, Batley and Castleford, were examples of genuine towns with no bookshops.
    Ex: Townie is in fact a derogatory reference to those who are born and raised in that type of burg or burb, and are assumed to be of inferior intellectual promise.
    * al otro lado de la ciudad = cross-town.
    * barrio marginado de la ciudad = inner-city area.
    * barrios pobres del centro de la ciudad = inner city.
    * casco antiguo de la ciudad, el = oldest part of the city, the.
    * centro de la ciudad = central city, downtown, city centre.
    * ciudad amurallada = walled city.
    * ciudad costera = beach town, coastal city.
    * Ciudad del Cabo = Cape Town.
    * Ciudad del Pecado = Sin City.
    * Ciudad del Vaticano, la = Vatican City, the.
    * ciudad donde viven principalmente jubilados = retirement town.
    * ciudad dormitorio = dormitory.
    * ciudad en auge = boom town.
    * ciudad eterna, la = Eternal City, the.
    * ciudad famosa por el golf = golfing town.
    * ciudad fortificada = walled city, fortified town.
    * ciudad fronteriza = frontier municipality.
    * ciudad ideal = white picket fence.
    * ciudad industrial = industrial town, industrial city.
    * ciudad natal = birthplace, hometown [home town], back home.
    * ciudad portuaria = port city.
    * ciudad satélite = satellite city.
    * ciudad universitaria = university town.
    * convertirse en la ciudad de (uno) = become + the home-from-home of.
    * de fuera de la ciudad = out-of-town.
    * del otro lado de la ciudad = cross-town.
    * de otras ciudades = out-of-town.
    * de una punta de la ciudad a otra = cross-town.
    * de un extremo de la ciudad a otro = cross-town.
    * de un lado de la ciudad a otro = cross-town.
    * espectáculos de la ciudad = local attractions.
    * gas ciudad = city gas.
    * gente de la ciudad = townspeople.
    * habitante de la ciudad = city dweller, urban dweller, urban resident, urbanite.
    * hacia el centro de la ciudad = townward.
    * la ciudad que nunca duerme = the city that never sleeps.
    * plano de la ciudad = street plan, city map.
    * por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].
    * puerta de la ciudad = city gate.
    * que atraviesa la ciudad = cross-town.
    * segunda vivienda en la ciudad = pied-à-terre.
    * ser la ciudad de = be home to.
    * vida de la ciudad = urban life, city life.
    * visita por la ciudad = city tour.
    * zona deprimida del centro de la ciudad = inner city.

    * * *
    la gran ciudad the (big) city
    ciudad natal native town/city
    [ S ] centro ciudad town o city center
    [ S ] mantenga limpia su ciudad keep your city clean
    Compuestos:
    ( AmL) coastal resort
    digital city
    bedroom community ( AmE), dormitory town ( BrE)
    city-state
    la Ciudad Eterna the Eternal City, Rome
    sister city ( AmE), twin city ( BrE)
    garden city
    la Ciudad Luz the City of Light, Paris
    ( Méx) shantytown
    ● ciudad periférica or de la periferia
    dormitory town, suburb
    la Ciudad Prohibida the Forbidden City
    hospital complex
    la Ciudad Santa the Holy City
    satellite town
    university campus
    * * *

     

    ciudad sustantivo femenino
    town;
    ( de mayor tamaño) city;
    ( on signs) centro ciudad town o city center;

    Cciudad del Vaticano/de México Vatican/Mexico City;
    ciudad dormitorio bedroom community (AmE), dormitory town (BrE);
    ciudad perdida (Méx) shantytown;
    ciudad satélite satellite town;
    ciudad universitaria university campus
    ciudad sustantivo femenino (mediana o pequeña) town
    (grande) city
    ciudad deportiva, sport center
    ciudad dormitorio, dormitory town
    ciudad universitaria, university campus
    En general, la palabra city se refiere a una ciudad grande o importante (por ejemplo, la capital de un país o de una provincia) y town se refiere a una ciudad más pequeña. Town también puede aplicarse a una zona urbana: I'm going to town, me voy a la ciudad (dicho por alguien que vive en el campo) o me voy al centro (dicho por alguien que vive en las afueras de una ciudad grande). La expresión mi ciudad se traduce por my home town.

    ' ciudad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apego
    - apoderarse
    - cabo
    - callejera
    - callejero
    - casco
    - centro
    - cerco
    - chalet
    - costera
    - costero
    - deprimida
    - deprimido
    - envolver
    - escaparate
    - expandirse
    - gas
    - habitante
    - hermana
    - incomunicar
    - judería
    - lástima
    - liberación
    - ligar
    - llegar
    - localidad
    - mayor
    - mercader
    - muerta
    - muerto
    - natal
    - paso
    - periferia
    - petate
    - plana
    - plano
    - población
    - poblada
    - poblado
    - por
    - provincia
    - proximidad
    - puerta
    - retención
    - saco
    - satélite
    - sector
    - suburbio
    - superpoblación
    - superpoblada
    English:
    activity
    - amenities
    - area
    - authority
    - auxiliary
    - back
    - barrage
    - black out
    - bomb
    - bombed-out
    - boomtown
    - bus
    - bypass
    - campus
    - Cape Town
    - centre
    - city
    - commercialize
    - congested
    - crawl
    - density
    - district
    - downtown
    - drainage
    - drawback
    - dude ranch
    - dump
    - edge
    - establish
    - expand
    - expansion
    - extend
    - facility
    - flat
    - flatten
    - fountain
    - ghost town
    - grassy
    - grip
    - growing
    - hard-hit
    - heart
    - high-rise
    - hub
    - in
    - inner city
    - itself
    - keep
    - lay out
    - layout
    * * *
    ciudad nf
    1. [localidad] [grande] city;
    [pequeña] town;
    la emigración del campo a la ciudad migration from the countryside to the city;
    la gente de la ciudad people who live in cities, city folk
    Am ciudad balnearia [en la costa] seaside resort; [estación thermal] spa town;
    Ciudad del Cabo Cape Town;
    la Ciudad Condal Barcelona;
    ciudad dormitorio commuter town, dormitory town;
    la Ciudad Eterna the Eternal City;
    ciudad fantasma ghost town;
    Ciudad de Guatemala Guatemala City;
    ciudad jardín garden city;
    Ciudad de México Mexico City;
    ciudad natal home town;
    Méx ciudad perdida shanty town;
    la Ciudad Santa the Holy City;
    ciudad satélite satellite town o city;
    Ciudad del Vaticano Vatican City
    2. [instalaciones] complex
    ciudad deportiva sports complex;
    ciudad sanitaria hospital complex;
    ciudad universitaria university campus
    * * *
    f town; más grande city
    * * *
    ciudad nf
    1) : city, town
    2)
    ciudad universitaria : college or university campus
    3)
    ciudad perdida Mex : shantytown
    * * *
    ciudad n city [pl. cities] / town
    ¿te gusta vivir en una gran ciudad? do you like living in a big city?

    Spanish-English dictionary > ciudad

  • 7 краевая зона

    1) Geology: marginal zone
    2) Medicine: marginal layer
    4) Construction: boundary zone, rim zone
    5) Oil: edge zone
    6) Ecology: edge, extremity
    7) Polymers: fringe region

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > краевая зона

  • 8 пограничная зона

    1) General subject: bound
    2) Naval: border zone
    3) Military: borderland
    6) Diplomatic term: (морская) marine belt
    7) Telecommunications: boarder area
    8) Cartography: boundary strip
    9) Advertising: border area (АД)
    10) Marine science: marginal zone
    11) Makarov: (трёхмильная) marine belt

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > пограничная зона

  • 9 полоса

    ж.
    1. stripe; ( узкий кусок) strip; (о железе и т. п.) band, strip; flat bar
    2. (от удара кнутом и т. п.) wale, weal
    3. ( область) region, zone, belt

    чернозёмная полоса — black-soil belt, black-earth zone

    взлётно-посадочная полоса ав. — take-off and landing strip; runway

    5. с.-х. уст. field; patch
    6. полигр. type page

    Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > полоса

  • 10 полоса

    ж.
    1) (узкое вытянутое пятно, прямоугольник) stripe

    по́лосы на шку́ре зе́бры — the stripes of a zebra

    "звёзды и по́лосы" (американский флаг) — the Stars and Stripes

    2) ( узкий плоский кусок чего-л) strip; (железа и т.п.) band, strip; flat bar
    3) (след от удара кнутом и т.п.) wale, weal
    4) (территория, зона) region, zone, belt

    чернозёмная полоса́ — chernozem belt, black-earth zone

    полоса́ вое́нных де́йствий — battle zone

    пограни́чная полоса́ — frontier ['frʌ-]

    нейтра́льная полоса́ — neutral zone

    ниче́йная полоса́ — no man's land

    взлётно-поса́дочная полоса́ авиа — takeoff and landing strip; runway

    полоса́ доро́жного движе́ния — traffic lane

    полоса́ препя́тствий спорт — obstacle course

    5) радио, информ. band

    полоса́ часто́т — frequency band

    полоса́ пропуска́ния — bandwidth

    6) ( период) period

    полоса́ хоро́шей пого́ды — spell of fine weather

    полоса́ везе́ния — lucky streak, streak of luck

    полоса́ невезе́ния — unlucky streak, streak of bad luck

    7) с.-х. field; patch
    8) полигр. page

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > полоса

  • 11 зона

    1.zone 2.belt 3.field
    зона астероидов
    asteroid zone
    зона видимости
    visibility zone
    зона вихрей
    zone of eddies
    зона высокого давления
    high-pressure zone
    зона избегания
    zone of avoidance
    зона перемешивания
    mixing zone
    зона полярного сияния
    1.auroral belt 2.auroral zone
    зона приема сигналов
    zone of action
    зона прилива
    tidal zone
    зона притяжения
    attractive zone
    зона протуберанцев
    prominence zone
    зона разрушения
    zone of fracture
    зона сжатия
    compression zone
    зона солнечных пятен
    1.spot zone 2.sunspot zone
    зона устойчивости
    stability zone
    активная зона
    active zone
    ближняя зона
    near zone (of a pulsar)
    водородная конвективная зона
    hydrogen convective zone
    галактическая зона избегания
    zone of obscuration of external galaxies
    дальняя зона пульсара
    1.far field 2.zone wave
    затененная зона
    shadow zone
    климатическая зона
    climatic zone
    конвективная зона
    1.convective region 2.convective shell
    краевая зона
    marginal zone
    нерелятивистская зона пульсара
    nonrelativistic zone of pulsar
    переходная зона
    transition region
    пограничная зона
    1.border zone 2.frontier zone
    полярная зона
    1.frigid zone 2.polar zone
    релятивистская зона пульсара
    relativistic zone of pulsar
    рифтовая зона
    геол. riftzone
    сумеречная зона
    twilight zone
    фронтальная зона
    frontal zone
    экваториальная зона
    equatorial zone

    Русско-английский астрономический словарь > зона

  • 12 Great Plains

    Предгорное плато на высоте 700-1800 м над уровнем моря, протянувшееся на 3 тыс. км вдоль восточных склонов Скалистых гор [ Rocky Mountains]; ширина 500-800 км. Основные участки Великих равнин (с севера на юг) - плато Миссури [Missouri buttes], центральные Высокие равнины [ High Plains], плато Льяно-Эстакадо [ Llano Estacado] и Эдуардс [ Edwards Plateau]. В некоторых районах разделено полосами эрозии (т.н. "бедлендами" [ Badlands]). Климат континентальный, растительность степная [buffalo grass]. На юге сухие степи. Производство пшеницы [ Wheat Belt], пастбищное скотоводство (на юге). Равнины известны как Всемирная житница [Granary of the World]. Когда по договору о покупке Луизианы [ Louisiana Purchase] (1803) северная часть Равнин перешла к США, американцы практически не знали этих мест. В отчетах Льюиса и Кларка [ Lewis and Clark Expedition] (1804-06), З. Пайка [ Pike, Zebulon Montgomery] (1806-07) и С. Лонга [ Long, Stephen Harriman] (1820) земли признавались непригодными для жизни и оставались барьером для расширения Фронтира [ Frontier] - Великой американской пустыней [ Great American Desert] вплоть до 50-60-х гг. XIX в.

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Great Plains

  • 13 Lockport

    Город на западе штата Нью-Йорк, в 33 км к северо-востоку от г. Буффало [ Buffalo], на грузовом канале штата Нью-Йорк [ New York State Barge Canal]. 22,2 тыс. жителей (2000). Административный центр [ county seat] округа Ниагара [Niagara County]. Текстильная, кожевенная, стекольная промышленность, производство бумаги, кондиционеров, консервные заводы и др. В пригороде развито овощеводство, выращивание яблок, слив, персиков, вишни в т.н. Ниагарском пограничном фруктовом поясе [Niagara Frontier Fruit Belt]. Основан в 1829 близ шлюзов [locks] на первом канале Эри [ Erie Canal], от которых и получил свое название; статус город с 1865. Шлюзы, сооруженные для компенсации разницы уровней озера Эри [ Erie, Lake] и р. Дженеси [ Genesee River], были заменены на более современные в конце XIX в.

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Lockport

  • 14 Oklahoma City

    Административный центр (столица) штата Оклахома; 506,1 тыс. жителей (2000), с пригородами - 1 млн. человек. Город был основан и создан фактически в течение одного дня, 22 апреля 1889, когда регион был открыт для создания гомстедов [ homestead] и посреди прерий [ prairie] здесь сразу поселились около 10 тыс. человек. Статус города с 1890, в 1910 стал столицей штата. Популярные местные названия города - ОКС [OKC (O'Key City)] и Город ["The City"]. Железнодорожный узел (железная дорога Санта-Фе [ Santa Fe Railroad] и др.) и речной порт Маскоги [Port of Muskogee]. Международный аэропорт Уилла Роджерса [ Will Rogers World Airport], два муниципальных аэропорта. Торгово-финансовый центр штата. Нефтяная, сталелитейная, авиационная и автомобильная промышленность (завод "Дженерал моторс" [ General Motors Corp.]); полиграфия, электроника, производство спорттоваров. Центр крупного сельскохозяйственного района (пшеница, хлопок, животноводство). Авиабаза Тинкер [ Tinker Air Force Base]. Госпиталь ветеранов [Veterans Hospital] - один из лучших в стране. Несколько университетов и колледжей, в том числе Оклахомский университет [ Oklahoma, University of], Университет Оклахома-Сити [Oklahoma City University], отделение Университета штата Оклахома [ Oklahoma State University] и др. Крупные газеты штата "Дейли оклахоман" [The Daily Oklahoman] и "Оклахома-Сити таймс" [Oklahoma City Times]. Среди достопримечательностей: Национальная галерея ковбойской славы и центр наследия Запада [ National Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center], музейный комплекс Киркпатрик-центра [Kirkpatrick Center Museum Complex] (музеи авиации, индейцев и фотографии; планетарий), Оклахомский центр искусств [Oklahoma Art Center], Оклахомский художественный музей [Oklahoma Museum of Art], комплекс зданий капитолия штата [State Capitol], подземный торговый и деловой комплекс "Метро" [Metro Concourse], парки, в том числе зоопарк [ Oklahoma City Zoo], "Фронтир-Сити" [Frontier City Theme Park] и "Уайт Уотер" [White Water]. Симфонический оркестр [Oklahoma Symphony Orchestra], Балет Оклахомы [Ballet Oklahoma], театры. С 1928 - крупный центр добычи нефти, в том числе в черте города. Крупный религиозный центр (около 50 различных конфессий и 500 церковных зданий), центр т.н. Библейского пояса [ Bible Belt]. 19 апреля 1995 в городе был совершен самый кровавый террористический акт за истории США [ Oklahoma City Bombing], который превзошли по жертвам только события 11 сентября 2001 [ September 11]. Бомба, заложенная в грузовике, частично уничтожила Федеральное здание Ал. Мёррэ [Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building] - погибло 168 человек, более 500 получили ранения.

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Oklahoma City

  • 15 Nazarro, Ray

    1902-1986
       Nacido en Boston, a Ray Nazarro se le asocia con dos criterios: Columbia Films, para la que hizo la mayor parte de sus peliculas, y rapidez, la que demostro entre 1945 y 1958, tiempo en que dirigio ochenta filmes, a un ritmo que en algunas temporadas supero el de uno al mes. A pesar de todo, sus westerns, que lo fueron la mayoria de sus peliculas, no resultaron nada desdenables por termino medio, mostrando una notable habilidad para desarrollar los argumentos que se le encomendaban, virtud que se agudiza en algunas de sus producciones de los anos 50. Aunque su primer largometraje es Outlaws of the Rockies, ya habia dirigido en 1932, en este caso peliculas de corta duracion. Termina su carrera en Europa.
        Outlaws of the Rockies. 1945. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Carole Mathews, Tex Harding, Dub Taylor.
        Song of the Prairie. 1945. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Guinn Williams, June Storey.
        Texas Panhandle. 1945. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Nanette Parks, Tex Harding, Dub Taylor.
        Roaring Rangers. 1946. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Adelle Roberts, Smiley Burnette.
        Throw a Saddle on a Star. 1946. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Guinn Williams, Adelle Roberts.
        Gunning for Vengeance. 1946. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Phyllis Adair, Smiley Burnette.
        Galloping Thunder. 1946. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Adelle Roberts, Smiley Burnette.
        That Texas Jamboree. 1946. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Guinn Williams, Carolina Cotton.
        Two-Fisted Stranger. 1946. 50 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Doris Houck, Smiley Burnette.
        The Desert Horseman. 1946. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Adelle Roberts, Smiley Burnette.
        Cowboy Blues. 1946. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Guy Kibbee, Guinn Williams, Carolina Cotton.
        Heading West. 1946. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Doris Houck, Smiley Burnette.
        Singing on the Trail. 1946. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Guy Kibbee, Guinn Williams, Rita Hayworth.
        Terror Trail. 1946. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Barbara Pepper, Smiley Burnette.
        Lone Star Moonlight. 1946. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Joan Barton, Guy Kibbee, Claudia Drake.
        Over the Santa Fe Trail. 1947. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Jennifer Holt, Guinn Williams, Guy Kibbee.
        The Lone Hand Texan. 1947. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette, Mary Newton.
        West of Dodge City. 1947. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Nancy Saunders, Smiley Burnette.
        Law of the Canyon. 1947. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Nancy Saunders, Smiley Burnette.
        Buckaroo from Powder River. 1947. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Eve Miller, Smiley Burnette.
        Last Days of Boot Hill. 1947. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Virginia Hunter, Smiley Burnette.
        Six-Gun Law. 1948. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Nancy Saunders, Smiley Burnette.
        Phantom Valley. 1948. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Virginia Hunter, Smiley Burnette.
        West of Sonora. 1948. 52 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Anita Castle, Smiley Burnette.
        Song of Idaho. 1948. 69 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Kirby Grant, June Vincent.
        Blazing Across the Pecos. 1948. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Patricia White, Smiley Burnette.
        Trail to Laredo. 1948. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Virginia Maxey, Smiley Burnette.
        Singin’ Spurs. 1948. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Kirby Grant, Jay Silverheels, Patricia Knox.
        El Dorado Pass. 1948. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Elena Verdugo, Smiley Burnette.
        Quick of the Trigger. 1948. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Helen Parrish, Smiley Burnette.
        Smoky Mountain Melody. 1948. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Roy Acuff, Guinn Williams, Sybil Merritt.
        Challenge of the Range. 1949. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Paula Raymond, Smiley Burnette.
        Home in San Antone. 1949. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Roy Acuff, Jacqueline Thomas.
        Arkansas Swing. 1949. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Gloria Henry, Ken Triesch, Paul Triesch.
        Laramie. 1949. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette, Marjorie Stapp.
        The Blazing Trail. 1949. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Marjorie Stapp, Smiley Burnette.
        South of Death Valley. 1949. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Gail Davis, Smiley Burnette.
        Bandits of El Dorado. 1949. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette.
        Renegades of the Sage. 1949. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Leslie Banning, Smiley Burnette.
        Trail of the Rustlers. 1950. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Gail Davis, Smiley Burnette.
        The Palomino. 19450. 73 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Jerome Courtland, Beverly Tyler.
        Outcasts of Black Mesa. 1950. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Martha Hyer, Smiley Burnette.
        Texas Dynamo. 1950. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Lois Hall, Smiley Burnette.
        Hoedown. 1950. 64 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Eddy Arnold, Jock Mahoney, Carolina Cotton.
        Streets of Ghost Town. 1950. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Mary Ellen Kay, Smiley Burnette.
        Frontier Outpost. 1950. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Lois Hall, Smiley Burnette.
        Al Jennings of Oklahoma. 1951. 79 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Dan Duryea, Gale Storm, Dick Foran.
        Fort Savage Raiders. 1951. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette.
        Cyclone Fury. 1951. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette.
        The Kid from Amarillo. 1951. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette.
        Indian Uprising. 1952. 75 minutos. Supercinecolor. Columbia. George Montgomery, Audrey Long.
        Laramie Mountains. 1952. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette.
        Montana Territory. 1952. 64 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Lon McCallister, Preston Foster, Wanda Hendrix.
        The Rough Tough West. 1952. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Carolina Cotton, Smiley Burnette.
        Cripple Creek. 1952. 78 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. George Montgomery, Karin Booth, Richard Egan.
        Junction City. 1952. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Kathleen Case, Smiley Burnette.
        Kansas Pacific. 1953. 73 minutos. Cinecolor. Allied. Sterling Hayden, Eve Miller, Barton MacLane.
        Gun Belt. 1953. 77 minutos. Technicolor. Global (UA). George Montgo mery, Tab Hunter, Helen Westcott.
        The Lone Gun. 1954. 73 minutos. Color Corp. of America. Superior Talking (UA). George Montgomery, Dorothy Malone.
        Southwest Passage (Travesia del desierto). 1954. 82 minutos. Pathe color. 3-D. Small (UA). John Ireland, Joanne Dru, Rod Cameron.
        The Black Dakotas. 1954. 65 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Gary Merrill, Wanda Hendrix, John Bromfield.
        Top Gun. 1955. 73 minutos. Blanco y Negro. UA. Sterling Hayden, William Bishop, Karen Booth.
        The White Squaw. 1956. 73 minutos, Blanco y Negro. Screem Gems (Columbia). David Brian, May Wynn.
        The Phantom Stagecoach. 1957. 79 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Screem Gems (Columbia). William Bishop, Kathleen Crowley.
        The Hired Gun. 1957. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. CinemaScope. Rorvic (MGM). Rory Calhoun, Anne Francis.
        Domino Kid. 1957. 74 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Rorvic (Columbia). Rory Calhoun, Kristine Miller.
        Return to Warbow. 1958. 67 minutos. Technicolor. Screem Gems (Colum bia). Philip Carey, Catherine McLeod.
        Apache Territory. 1958. 75 minutos. Technicolor. Rorvic (Columbia). Rory Calhoun, John Dehner, Barbara Bates.

    English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Nazarro, Ray

  • 16 Introduction

       Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.
       Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.
       Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.
       Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).
       Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.
       Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.
       LAND AND PEOPLE
       The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).
       For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.
       Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the
       Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.
       Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:
       1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)
       1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)
       1864 4,287,000 first census
       1890 5,049,700
       1900 5,423,000
       1911 5,960,000
       1930 6,826,000
       1940 7,185,143
       1950 8,510,000
       1960 8,889,000
       1970 8,668,000* note decrease
       1980 9,833,000
       1991 9,862,540
       1996 9,934,100
       2006 10,642,836
       2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

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